Lighthouse: The Zimbabwe Ezekiel Guti University Journal of Law, Economics and Public Policy
Lighthouse: The Zimbabwe Ezekiel Guti University Journal of Law, Economics and Public Policy is a double blind-peer reviewed, quarterly and multidisciplinary journal, dedicated to serve the society with high quality research work appropriate for problem solving. The journal is a forum for the discussion of ideas, scholarly opinions and case studies on law and policy, statutes, constitutions, general rules of the game (institutional mechanisms) and policy pronouncements or declared positions that are put to scrutiny, weighed, interpreted and evaluated. In all these matters, the intention and context usually define the outcomes and impact. The objective of this journal is to promote innovative research from a multidisciplinary locus. We would like to invite authors to contribute a research paper that uphold innovation for problem solving as a re-address to the current and beyond societal challenges.
Devolution in Zimbabwe: Exploring Factors Underpinning Fiscal Equalisation
Overlooking fiscal devolution often renders other dimensions of decentralisation ineffective, as sub-national governments require adequate financial resources to fulfil their delegated mandates. Without a balance between financial resources and responsibilities, it becomes nearly impossible for sub-national governments to execute their assigned functions. The golden rule of decentralisation states that funding should follow the devolved functions and responsibilities. Beyond the mere transfer of resources and responsibilities, devolution is supported by the allocation of fiscal resources to drive people-centred local development. A budgetary procedure aligned with the devolution framework must accompany devolution process. The central argument in the article is that fiscal imbalances in Zimbabwe demand a robust and sustainable intergovernmental fiscal model as the central government retains control over the most lucrative sources of revenue, despite implementing various decentralisation reforms. To address these imbalances, locally generated revenue must be supplemented through revenue-sharing or intergovernmental fiscal transfers, as provided for in the Zimbabwe 2013 Constitution. A well-structured fiscal equalisation model framework can enhance the financial sustainability of sub-national governments by considering key variables such as the poverty index, the population of the area, the size of the local economy and the estimated value of the natural resource endowments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lighthouse: The Zimbabwe Ezekiel Guti University Journal of Law, Economics and Public Policy
Disruptive! Unpacking the Role and Place of Digital Frugal Innovation and Sustainable Development in Africa
The article explores the role of digital frugal innovation in advancing sustainable development goals (SDGs) across Africa. It examines how affordable and scalable digital solutions address critical challenges such as poverty, healthcare access and educational disparities. A conceptual framework is established to define key concepts and theories related to digital frugal innovation and sustainable development. The methodology includes qualitative case studies and data analysis to highlight successful examples, such as EcoCash and M-KOPA Solar. Findings reveal that digital frugal innovations significantly enhance economic growth, promote social inclusion and contribute to environmental sustainability. The discussion emphasises the importance of addressing challenges, including the digital divide and data privacy concerns, to maximise the potential of these innovations. Recommendations for policy-makers and stakeholders aim to foster an inclusive digital ecosystem that supports sustainable development in Africa.
Zimbabwean Retirement Age Policy: Implications and Lessons
The article is based on a study that explores the retirement age policy along the lines of meaning, lessons and the impacts on youths‘unemployment. Retirement age policy has been increased around the world with countries realising the impacts of the ageing of populations due to the increase in life expectancy and better health outcomes. The ageing of populations has been viewed as a threat to social security with countries fearing the creation of welfare states. This can overburden the working population as the retirement age is increased. The problem that arises from the policy of increasing retirement age requirements is that it creates unemployment problems for the youths in developing countries which are already failing to create employment. The research uses a qualitative research methodology, with a case study research design. The research uses secondary information as a data collection method. The research uses thematic data analysis to analyse the findings of the study. The study concludes that policy has been crafted to reduce the chance of the creation of a welfare state that overburdens the working population. However, this creates problems for youth employment. The study recommends the creation of employment for the youths while accommodating elderly workforce to reduce overburdening the social security.
Use of High-rise Apartments as an Urban Densification Policy: Lessons from China, Egypt and Ethiopian Condominiums
The article is based on a study that discussed the use of high-rise apartments as an urban densification policy, drawing lessons from China, Egypt and Ethiopia. Urban growth has seen the sprawling of cities along with the new demands for housing due to population growth. Cities continue to have housing backlogs as people continue to have improved life expectancies around the world. The problem in the study is the affordability and accessibility challenges created by high-rising apartments due to the liberalisation of land development policies. The research uses a qualitative research methodology with a bias towards the case study research design. The study employed secondary information as the data collection method using Google Scholar articles. The research used thematic data analysis. The study findings reveal that densification can create solutions to urban sprawl, while unaffordability issues can arise for low-income earners. The findings also indicate that densification can suffer from the commodification of housing which can lead to housing backlogs of low-income earners. The study concludes that privatisation of land development makes densification a time bomb waiting to blow in the face of low-income earners. It recommends the nationalisation of housing projects to improve accessibility and affordability of housing for low-income earners.
The Perennial Problems of Forest Fires in North America and Australia: Lessons for Policymaking and Design
The article is based on a study that discusses the perennial problems of forest fires in North America and Australia, presenting lessons for policy-making and design. Wildfires present problems in the North American (the United States and Canada) and Australian regions as they continue to cause huge losses in ecosystems, vegetation and loss of human life. The problem in the study is that the bushfires continue to claim human life and indigenous ecosystems causing the invasion of the landscape by flammable invasive plants that worsen the bushfires leading to the increase of climate change. The study uses a qualitative approach with a bias towards a case study research design. The research employs secondary information as the data collection method. Thematic analysis is used as the data analysis method. The study findings reveal that the impacts of forest fires are on the ecosystems and the hydrological systems that are affected, worsening climate change. The study concludes that the responses to forest fires have shown a lack of preparedness and eagerness to erase the industrial cities in favour of smart cities in the rebuilding. The study recommends the systematic technological integration of machines in risk disaster management.
The Deliberate Continental Integration as a Bulwark against Colonial Influence: The African Experience
This article examines the concept of deliberate continental integration in Africa as a strategic response to the enduring legacies of colonialism and neo-colonialism. It highlights the collective efforts of African leaders and institutions, notably the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) (later named the African Union (AU)), in promoting unity, cooperation and emancipation across the continent. By exploring the historical context and contemporary initiatives aimed at addressing socio-political and economic challenges, the study emphasises the crucial role of legal empowerment and the emergence of conscious African black lawyers. These legal professionals are positioned to reshape post-colonial legal frameworks, integrating indigenous values, while advocating for social justice and equity. The article discusses several recommendations, including enhancing legal education, to incorporate an Afrocentric perspective, strengthening continental integration initiatives like the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and supporting the role of African black lawyers through mentorship and funding. It advocates for public awareness campaigns on legal rights, fostering Pan-African collaboration and implementing affirmative action policies to promote representation and equity in legal professions and decision-making bodies. Additionally, it calls for addressing historical injustices through reparative justice initiatives, leveraging technology for legal access and encouraging international support for Africa's development goals. Furthermore, the study draws parallels with global historical injustices, such as the Holocaust, to illuminate the unique challenges Africa faces in its quest for selfdetermination and liberation. Ultimately, it underscores the importance of understanding the multifaceted nature of Africa's journey, offering insights for policy-makers and scholars committed to supporting the continent's aspirations for a just and prosperous future.
SADC Strategies to Overcome Religion-Inspired Conflicts In the Region: An Intellectual Peek From the SADC Mission in Mozambique
The study critically evaluates the strategies aimed at ameliorating or overcoming religious-inspired conflicts in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region using the Cabo Delgado conflict in Northern Mozambique as a case study. The study and thrust stems from the background that Africa has been struggling to bring about positive peace in religion-motivated conflicts. What is known is that the African Union Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) and its regional subordinate organs, such as the SADC Organ on Politics Defence and Security. do have conflict prevention strategies. However, missing in critical analysis is the efficacy of these strategies, given the enduring nature of religious motivated conflicts. The main strand permeating this research is the inquiry contributing to the continued escalation of the Cabo Delgado conflict in the presence of SADC conflict management strategies. The study is informed by interpretivism theoretical and methodological paradigms. It adopts a qualitative approach and uses online interviews to collect data from the SADC Mission in Mozambique (SAMIM) troops deployed in Pemba, Macomia, Muidumbe and Nagande. The major finding from the study is that the SADC does not have a doctrine that specifically responds to religion-inspired conflicts. There is poor response mechanisms when early warning about conflicts is given. The failure of SADC to prevent and resolve the conflict is also attributable to the Mozambican government‘s inability to respond to the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) warning of the conflict. The article recommends that SADC come up with a Counter Religion-Inspired Insurgence Doctrine (CRIID).
Manhize: An Epitome of Glocalisation in Zimbabwean Industrial Policy Space
The article is based on a study that explores the Manhize Steel Plant as the epitome of glocalisation in Zimbabwean industrial policy. Glocalisation has become a developmental approach that integrates local ideas into the globalisation drive. Glocalisation has changed development in the world as it has led to the inclusion and recognition of diversity through the localisation of development. The inclusion of localisation in the development drive helps create context-specific transformation. The problem that the research looks into is the eradication of westernised communities created by globalisation by the inclusion of localisation. The research uses a qualitative research approach with a bias towards the exploratory research design. The study uses secondary information as the data collection method. Thematic data analysis as the method of analysing the findings of the study was used. The findings reveal that the Manhize Steel Plant is testament to the epitome of glocalisation as the company is developing infrastructure and providing developmental initiatives, solving local challenges such as unemployment, infrastructural development, while creating global market share. The study concludes that the Manhize Steel Plant has significantly improved local infrastructure, exemplifying glocalisation. The study recommends localisation of all foreign direct investments (FDI) in Zimbabwe to implement contextual development to reduce externalisation of development from local resourcesThe article is based on a study that explores the Manhize Steel Plant as the epitome of glocalisation in Zimbabwean industrial policy. Glocalisation has become a developmental approach that integrates local ideas into the globalisation drive. Glocalisation has changed development in the world as it has led to the inclusion and recognition of diversity through the localisation of development. The inclusion of localisation in the development drive helps create context-specific transformation. The problem that the research looks into is the eradication of westernised communities created by globalisation by the inclusion of localisation. The research uses a qualitative research approach with a bias towards the exploratory research design. The study uses secondary information as the data collection method. Thematic data analysis as the method of analysing the findings of the study was used. The findings reveal that the Manhize Steel Plant is testament to the epitome of glocalisation as the company is developing infrastructure and providing developmental initiatives, solving local challenges such as unemployment, infrastructural development, while creating global market share. The study concludes that the Manhize Steel Plant has significantly improved local infrastructure, exemplifying glocalisation. The study recommends localisation of all foreign direct investments (FDI) in Zimbabwe to implement contextual development to reduce externalisation of development from local resources
Life Insurance Uptake in Zimbabwe’s Predominantly Informal Economy
The study examines the factors influencing life insurance uptake in Zimbabwe‘s largely informal economy, addressing structural barriers often overlooked in conventional models. The study is relevant to Zimbabwe‘s current economic context as it highlights the structural barriers to life insurance uptake in a predominantly informal economy, offering policy insights on financial inclusion, microinsurance, and economic resilience amid high unemployment and financial instability. By integrating informal sector dynamics with economic, demographic, and institutional variables, it provides a comprehensive analysis of insurance adoption in a financially excluded environment. Using the Life Cycle Hypothesis, an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is applied to macroeconomic data from 1990 to 2022. Key determinants include informal sector size, inflation, central bank independence, per capita income, financial development, insurance literacy, age dependency, life expectancy, and unemployment, capturing both short-term fluctuations and long-term equilibrium dynamics. Findings show that larger informal sector size, higher age dependency, and increased insurance literacy reduce long-term insurance uptake, while shortterm demand rises with temporary income gains and economic uncertainty. Inflation and central bank independence have minimal impact, highlighting the need for policies tailored to informal sector dynamics.
Inter-governmental Fiscal Decentralisation and Equalisation in Zimbabwe: Problems, Alternatives and a Model Proposal
The article critically explores intergovernmental fiscal decentralisation and equalisation arrangements in Zimbabwe, focusing on the historical evolution from the colonial era to the post2013 constitutional framework. The major question is: To what extent has fiscal decentralisation in Zimbabwe facilitated equitable resource distribution and enhanced local governance autonomy? It examines the structural, legislative and political challenges that have hindered the effective implementation of decentralisation, particularly concerning fiscal management. The 2013 Constitution introduced provisions for devolution aimed at redistributing resources more equitably and granting local authorities greater autonomy. However, significant obstacles remain, including persistent vertical and horizontal fiscal imbalances, where local governments are either underfunded relative to their responsibilities or unequally resourced due to regional disparities. The study employs a qualitative research approach, incorporating policy analysis and comparative case studies from Germany and Australia. The article also discusses the role of devolution in promoting equitable development across regions, emphasising how insufficient financial autonomy and delayed legislative reforms have limited progress. By drawing on comparative analyses and best practices, the article proposes a model tailored in Zimbabwe‘s to socio-political context strengthen fiscal decentralisation. The article offers recommendations for aligning Zimbabwe's constitutional mandates with effective fiscal policies, ensuring equitable distribution of resources and fostering sustainable development across all regions.
Global Pandemics and Public Policy: Future Direction
The article is based on a study that explored and discussed the impacts of global pandemics on social policy in search of future directions. Global pandemics have been around for many generations affecting populations and causing loss of life every time they occur. It discusses the impacts of pandemics on social policy as countries respond to these in different approaches. Global pandemics have been met with global responses backed by national policies due to the lack of authority on the global health regulating organisations. The problem in the study is that global pandemics expose the shortcomings of the public healthcare management systems in various countries as they lack preparedness to tackle pandemics and respond to the challenges, leading to infringement of social policies by the solutions developed. The research use a qualitative research methodology with a secondary information approach as a method of data collection. The study findings indicate that governments introduced lockdowns which limited the movement of people, affecting income security and led to the provision of social security measures that excluded migrant workers. The study concludes that the preparedness of healthcare systems can reduce the impacts of pandemics on social policy in future. The research recommends the creation of gender-inclusive responses to global pandemics
Geospatial Intelligence : A Panacea to the Mozambique-Zimbabwe Border Insecurity?
The study critically examines the efficacy of geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) on bilateral cross-border governance, focusing primarily on the Nyamapanda Border, a border separating Mozambique and Zimbabwe to the North-Eastern, as a case study grounding the study. The central thrust informing the study stems from the background that, despite an Integrated Border management (IBM) framework involving many security details and other organisations, the proliferation of unwanted goods, substances and humans has exposed the porosity of the border. The missing nexus or link is the critical role that GEOINT could play in the improved securitisation of the border. The main thread of argument that informs and grounds the study is premised on the following inquiry to the effect that since GEOINT has been employed in other regions such as the Mexico-USA border with significant success, could it also be adopted in the existing local IBM for improved securitisation of the border? The study contemplates a perspective of what constitutes an effective and efficient model of border management. In constructing and conceptualising the tropes of the article, a mixed research paradigm or approach was employed, where data were first gleaned through indrepth interviews, followed by questionnaire responses in line with the sequential exploratory design of mixed methods. The study brought to the fore the fact that insignificant progress had been made to implement GEOINT at the Nyamapanda Border. The perceived benefits of GEOINT implementation were realised to revolve around reduced border management costs and improved securitisation intelligence. The pivotal recommendation arising from the study is that, to effectively implement GEOINT, there is need for the government to align its border management policies with those from the region and at bilateral level and there is also need for harmonisation of such with Mozambique. The training and resourcing of border agencies and the co-optation of the border communities are a priority that and enhance the efficacy of GEOINT.
From 99-year Leases to Title Deeds: The Land Ownership and Productivity Enhancement Debate in Zimbabwe
The article discusses the transition from the 99-year leases to the titling of land in Zimbabwe and the legalities that surround the policy framework transformation. Land ownership has been an area of contention in various countries, particularly for farmers who hold leases. Farmers continue to fail to access financial institutions due to the lack of collateral form of land ownership. Furthermore, financial institutions fail to recognise the offer letters and leases as bankable documents, creating investment problems for the farmers. The problem in the study is that the revised land titling in Zimbabwe provides an opportunity for land investment, but it also exposes poor farmers to debt traps by the elite that can lead to the foreclosure of various farms. The research uses a qualitative methodology with a bias towards case study research design. The research uses secondary information as the data collection method through the use of newspaper articles, since the issue of title deeds on land is new in Zimbabwe. Thematic data analysis is used as the data analysis method. The study reveals that the titling policy enhances productivity as farmers can use their land as collateral security to unlock land investment. The research concludes that the titling policy misses the mark of being a transparent policy as it fails to account for the use of corrupt government offices implicated in multiple corruption cases. The study recommends monitoring and evaluation of the titling process to reduce corruption from the deeds office
Assessing the Convergence of Constitutional Reform, Judicial Precedent and International Human Rights Norms on Zimbabwe's Abolition of Capital Punishment
The abolition of capital punishment in Zimbabwe in 2024 marked a transformative moment on the country‘s legal and human rights landscape. The article examines the historical, constitutional and international factors that culminated in the Death Penalty Abolition Act, 2024, situating Zimbabwe‘s journey within global trends toward ending state-sanctioned executions. Drawing on qualitative analysis of interviews, the 2013 Constitution of Zimbabwe, key judicial decisions, comparative foreign law and international frameworks such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the article argues that abolition reflects both domestic advocacy and alignment with evolving global human rights standards. The study also evaluates arguments for abolition grounded in restorative justice, fairness and the irreplaceable value of human life. Furthermore, the essay discusses the societal and political factors that sustain capital punishment in Zimbabwe, alongside recommendations for continued alignment with acceptable international law norms. Emphasis is placed on the need for civil society engagement, legal review seminars and the establishment of alternative sanctions that align with international human rights standards. Ultimately, the article hails the abolition of capital punishment as a vital step toward respecting and upholding democracy in Zimbabwe.
Demand Conditions and Related Industries on Export Performance in the Zimbabwean Manufacturing Sector
The Zimbabwean manufacturing sector has, for the past two decades, been plagued by significant systemic challenges ranging from volatile economic conditions, poor sector-wide performance capacity utilisation and poor expert performance. Zimbabwe‘s manufacturing sector has continued to post poor performance returns as evidenced by the declining manufacturing and export returns. Performance has been weakened further by volatile economic conditions, access to forex challenges, weak supply chain linkages, and inadequate innovation ecosystems have hindered sustainable growth. The hypothesised contribution of demand conditions and related and supporting industries to export performance notwithstanding, there is limited continuous research on this subject more so, focusing on Zimbabwe given its unique economic climate. In this regard, this study sought to investigate the effect of demand conditions and related and supporting industries on export performance in the Zimbabwean manufacturing sector. The study employed a descriptive research design, using structured questionnaires to collect data from 384 officials from active manufacturing exporters. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis (MLR) was used to analyse the findings. The study found that both demand conditions and related and supporting industries have a significant positive effect on export performance. The study concludes that favourable demand conditions and robust related and supporting industries are critical for enhancing export performance in Zimbabwe‘s manufacturing sector. The study has contributed to theory, policy and practice by providing empirical evidence from Zimbabwe, proposing policy recommendations to policymakers in Zimbabwe and practical solutions to the manufacturing sector.
Criticality of Internal Savings and Lending Schemes in Zimbabwe's Women's Empowerment Drive: Challenges Gaps and Options
The study describes the criticality of Internal Savings and Lending Schemes (ISALS) (mukando) in community development and the fostering of empowerment within societies. ISALS, as traditional informal savings and lending schemes, have been around in Africa for ages and have helped women in many communities attain financial independence. ISALS have been used by women as a method for financial viability. The study problematises the criticality of ISALS as a women‘s empowerment strategy in Zimbabwe to examine the gaps and challenges involved. The study uses a qualitative research methodology with a bias towards a case study research design. The research uses secondary information as the data collection method. The research uses thematic data analysis to analyse the findings. The findings of the research show that ISALS have become a strategy towards women‘s empowerment through enabling them to access financial assistance to cover their demands. The study findings reveal that ISALS have become a critical strategy for community development, addressing the domestication of women with no sources of income. The research concludes that ISALS have become a critical women‘s empowerment, enabling women to have social security and community development. The study recommends the creation of monitoring and evaluation committees to ensure inclusivity in ISALS.
Constituency Delimitation and the Voter Apathy Problematique in Zimbabwe 1980-2023
The article is based on a study that investigated the impact of delimitation on voter apathy in Zimbabwe from 1980 to the present. It intends to address the following objectives: to explore the delimitation patterns in Zimbabwe from 1980 to 2023; to assess the nature and pattern of voter apathy in Zimbabwe and to investigate the impact of delimitation on voter apathy in Zimbabwe. The study utilises a qualitative approach and phenomenology as a research design. Unstructured interviews are used and sample selected through convenience strategy, coupled with snowball, whereby referrals were made to connect other voters. The study establishes that delimitation that creates, configures and collapses constituencies as a result of motivated political play of gerrymandering, generates voter apathy through citizens' withdrawal from the electoral process. Boundary mapping process proves not to be immune from gerrymandering and it creates some irregularities that affect the electorate, resulting in their deliberate withdrawal from casting a ballot. The study concludes that there has been a strong relationship between delimitation and voter apathy in Zimbabwe‘s electoral politics right from 1980. Going forward, delimitation process ought to be conducted free from gerrymandering, cognisant key issues such as geography and people; distance and tradition which, for so long, shaped people‘s common interests and preferences.
The Role of Entrepreneurial Leadership Capability in the Business Growth of Owner-managed Small and Medium Enterprises in Zimbabwe
The study critically explores the role of Entrepreneurial Leadership (EL) capability in stimulating growth in owner-managed small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Zimbabwe. The study was carried out among 20 owner-managed SMEs across varied sectors using the qualitative methodological research design. The study findings reveal that ELplays a critical role in business growth, stability and performance by bringing in adaptive resilience, innovation and creativity, strategic networking and crisis management techniques. The study is very useful to SME owner-managers as it unpacks strategies and characteristics within EL capability to cater for solid empowerment necessary for achieving sustainable growth in the face of challenges. The study further contributes to the broader understanding of critical modern-day business leadership which is key in leading owner-managed SMEs businesses operating in emerging and developing economies by offering practical insights that enable them to thrive and grow their businesses into fully fledged firms under challenging environments by implementing the EL capability style.
A Model for Harnessing Financial Intelligence Systems for Money Laundering Prevention: A Systematic Review of Technological and Regulatory Approaches
The study aims to develop a comprehensive model for harnessing financial intelligence systems to prevent money laundering in Zimbabwe. It systematically reviews the technological and regulatory approaches employed within the country‘s anti-money laundering framework, focusing on key challenges such as economic instability and regulatory deficiencies. The methodology involves a detailed analysis of both technological tools (such as transaction monitoring systems and data analytics) and regulatory measures (including compliance requirements and enforcement mechanisms). Stakeholders were selected based on their involvement in anti-money laundering (AML) efforts, with criteria including their roles in regulatory authorities, financial institutions, law enforcement agencies and technology providers. The study targeted 40 stakeholders involved in anti-money laundering efforts in Harare, the capital city and utilised random sampling to select participants from various sectors. Ultimately, 32 respondents contribute to the research. The findings highlight significant issues, with regulatory deficiencies such as inconsistent enforcement of laws and lack of clear guidelines and economic instability, including hyperinflation and currency volatility, identified as the most pressing challenges. Recommendations include the integration of advanced technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, comprehensive training programmes for stakeholders and centralised information sharing to improve collaboration. The study underscores the need for an integrated model that enhances regulatory frameworks, technological infrastructure and institutional capacity to effectively combat money laundering in Zimbabwe.
Innovation and Intellectual Property in Zimbabwe: A Discussion
Modern day financial corruption, poverty, ineffective social security, coupled with rapid increase in globalisation has, for years, left a detrimental dent on innovation and development. Generally, education, knowledge and skill are key to the development of country‘s economies. The article argues that the snail pace innovation in Zimbabwe has been a result of poor education policies which centred more on research than industrialisation. The article, therefore, discusses the evolution of the education system in Zimbabwe towards production and its relation to the law of intellectual property (IP). The goal of innovation is to have local, national and global impacts which can correspond to the stability of the economy. The study demonstrated how the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Innovation, Science and Technology Development has been instrumental towards the uplifting of the education system. Furthermore, the Education 5.0 curriculum has been viewed as an important aspect towards problem solving, whereby tertiary institutions play an important role in a common journey of development. The second part of the article unmasks the extent to which the existence of IP as a pro field of innovation has been lagging behind due to the disrespect and ill consideration of IP rights. The article establishes the relationship between creativity and innovation, which when new ideas are proposed, new skills are implemented based on thorough research. What remains as a catalyst is the rate at which such an idea can be successfully implemented. Therefore, on the final part, having outlined the existing dilemmas and problems, the article provides; lessons and recommendations on how the two (innovation and creativity) integral aspects of development can be used wisely for the betterment of social and economic fields.
Copyright (c) 2024 Lighthouse: The Zimbabwe Ezekiel Guti University Journal of Law, Economics and Public Policy
The Nature Of Social Commitments Required To Promote Corporate Social Responsibility In The Platinum Mining Sector In Zimbabwe
The study sought to establish the nature of social commitments required to promote corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the mining sector in Zimbabwe. The study adopted the mixed method approach rooted in the pragmatism paradigm and a cross-sectional descriptive survey design. Stratified random sampling and purposive sampling were used. An interview guide and a questionnaire were used as research instruments. The sample size was 181 respondents, representing 2 400 artisanal platinum miners in Mashonaland West Province, calculated using the Krejcie and Morgan formula. SPSS version 24 was used for analysing quantitative data, while NVivo was used for the analysis of qualitative data. The study indicates that adoption of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) transparency in the form of enhanced disclosures, led to effective CSR in the mining sector, benchmarking to lobal Reporting leads to effective CSR and consistent adherence and adoption of the International Standards Organisation (ISO). Results show that implementing the EITI could promote accountability to society and lead to effective CSR. The study recommends that the Mines and Minerals Act or the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act should include a provision requiring any mining firm operating in Zimbabwe to support local communities through CSR.
Taxation, Law And Socio-Economic Resilience: The Zimbabwe Case
The best tax system for any country is presumably one that reflects its economic structure, its capacity to administer taxes, its public service needs and its access to such other sources of revenue (Bird, 2013). Since taxes are the main source of funding for public goods like public infrastructure and law and order maintenance, raising revenue continues to be the most important role of taxes in a world where many governments are dealing with declining revenue, rising expenditures and ensuing fiscal constraints. Tax policy is not just about economics, it is about politics (Moore, 2007). There are several general tax policy concerns that have historically influenced the formation of taxation systems, presuming a particular amount of income that must be produced that depends on the larger economic and fiscal policies of the country concerned. All the changes in the economy brought about by the implementation of tax systems are included in the consequences of taxes (James and Nobes, 2008). Taxation has an impact on several variables, including employment, investment, consumption and output. Governments could not support their societies' needs if they did not collect taxes. The government uses the money it collects from taxes to fund social projects which makes them essential. However, whether in the rich or developing world, tax avoidance and evasion are the double crimes that face and destroy all tax systems. Adhere (2013) asserts that the Zimbabwean situation seems unique when viewed against the scale of corrupt practices prevalent in the country and the detrimental effects of economic sanctions imposed by the West, resulting in the country having to rely on internally generated income for its operations, including, but not limited to, tax collections. To escape from the constraints of tax, corruption, high tax rates and lack of trust on Government and tax authority by taxpayers, are among the reasons for evasion and avoidance (ibid.). This write-up will scour out how taxation laws operate in regulating tax payments and the socioeconomic adaptation thereto.
Environmental Policy and the Quest to Preserve Natural Habitats including Wetlands under Climate Change and Variability in Zimbabwe
Random changes in climate change constitute one of the major global environmental problems constraining economic development. The article argues that climate change has ceased to be a mere environmental issue and, to date, the issue has gained more traction as a human rights and developmental concept. Climate change directly and indirectly affects the enjoyment of most of human fundamental rights as provided for in the Constitution of Zimbabwe (2013) (hereinafter referred to as the Constitution) and international instruments. The existing mismatch in environmental policy frameworks is that of environmental policies versus the quest to preserve natural habitats, which mostly limit the enjoyment of other rights, being remote and, in some cases, the chain of causation appears very weak. Furthermore, the consequences of climate change exacerbate human suffering and affect the enjoyment of fundamental human rights and freedoms. The article seeks to address the major concern that while there is need to preserve natural habitats, including wetlands, societies and communities are in a war of priority, on whether development of wetlands should override preservation thereof. The article then provides that the Constitution of Zimbabwe contains many provisions which are aligned to the international legal framework on the protection of the right to a healthy and sustainable environment. The article then argues that in Zimbabwe, the law recognises the protection and conservation of wetlands, but the quest for development of these precious wetlands has resulted in fast-track disappearance of wetlands worsened by surprise changes in climate.
Rural Master Planning In Zimbabwe: A New Paradigm For Change Or A New Window For Putting Pressure On The Rural Poor?
This study critically examines the implications of rural master planning in Zimbabwe, questioning whether it represents a new paradigm for positive change or merely exacerbates existing challenges and structural inequalities faced by the rural poor. The key argument of the study is that while rural master planning initiatives are often touted as instruments for rural development and progress, they can inadvertently marginalise and dispossess vulnerable rural populations. The aim of the study is to critically analyse the impact of rural master planning on the socio-economic dynamics of rural communities in Zimbabwe. Specifically, the study seeks to answer the question of whether rural master planning initiatives genuinely address the needs and aspirations of the rural poor or merely serve as mechanisms for exerting control and exploitation. The methodology employed in this study includes data collection through extensive literature review and analysis of policy documents related to rural planning in Zimbabwe. Additionally, qualitative textual analysis of relevant documents and reports was conducted to reveal underlying narratives and power dynamics. The study concludes that rural master planning in Zimbabwe often prioritises elite interests and fails to adequately consider the socio-economic realities of rural communities, leading to displacement, dispossession and exacerbated inequality. As such, the study recommends that rural planning initiatives should prioritise participatory approaches, community empowerment and equitable resource allocation to ensure genuine development and inclusivity in rural areas.
Education with Production or Education Pragmatism as Solution to the Skills Shortage in Zimbabwe: Policy with Continuity?
Zimbabwe has had an education policy foraging because of policy failure. The Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education has been shifting from one policy to another to revitalise skills development in learners, but there has not been much success in these adopted policies through the years. This article critically explores the education with production (EWP) policy that was adopted in Zimbabwe after independence, between 1984 and 1985, in search of potential solutions to the skills shortage in the country. The article is based on the argument that the subsequent education policies that Zimbabwe has been changing lacked the aspects that empowers graduates with job-relevant skills that industry requires to revitalise production. The study uses a qualitative methodology with a case study research design. To craft the discourse for this study, the study engages secondary data. The study reveals that post-colonial governments in Africa have tried to decolonise their education systems through development of science-based curriculums to foster national development. The study also reveals that Zimbabwe has tried to align the curriculum to the needs of industry, introducing vocational studies and aligning innovation and entrepreneurship with the curriculum to develop EWP. Emphasis was on including more practical subjects such as Building, Metalwork, Carpentry, Fashion and Design, Food and Nutrition and Agriculture in the curriculum for future industrial development and enhancement of entrepreneurial skills. The study concludes that for the country to embrace an education that produces graduates with graduate attributes and job-relevant skills to meet the country‘s industrial demands, vocational training in primary and secondary schools is recommended.
Poaching In Communal And Resettlement Areas In Zimbabwe: A Problem Deeper Than What Meets The Eye
This study explores poaching in Zimbabwe's communal and resettlement areas, focusing primarily on its causes, impacts and potential solutions. It uses court monitoring data to assess incidents, identify socio-economic factors, evaluate law enforcement effectiveness and propose evidence-based strategies. The research uses a holistic conceptual framework integrating environmental justice, reasoned action and routine activity approaches to develop targeted interventions and promote sustainable resource management. Between 2019 and 2021, there was a significant increase in wildlife crime cases, with elephants being the main target. The conviction rate was 94.29%, indicating effective law enforcement. However, challenges such as gender disparities, foreign national involvement and limited legal representation persist. Offences related to ivory possession increased. Unlawful animal removal remains a concern. High numbers of wildlife crime are concentrated in the provinces of Masvingo, Mashonaland West and Matabeleland North. Poaching in Zimbabwe is a significant issue due to poverty, human-wildlife conflict and subsistence needs. It is also a result of lack of awareness and lenient legal frameworks. To address this, sustainable development, alternative livelihoods and education, are crucial. Urgent action is needed to strengthen law enforcement, enhance community engagement, raise awareness, combat transnational networks, improve wildlife protection laws and promote sustainable livelihoods. Engaging local communities is also essential for fostering conservation culture.
Digitalisation of Financial Services and its Impact on the Relationship between Microfinance Institutions and their Clients in Zimbabwe
This article presents the impact of financial service digitalisation on the relationship between microfinance institutions and their customers. The study reveals challenges currently faced from digitalisation of financial services and clients‘ readiness for a full digitalisation of financial services. The rate of technological advancement in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) left microfinance institutions without an option but to embrace digital financial technology to allow their clients to enjoy financial services without visiting banking halls. The impact of financial services digitisation on the relationship between microfinance institutions and their clients remains a topic of controversy that has been inconclusive in the scholarly discourse. To contribute to this ongoing debate, this research adopted a mixed method approach in which a sample of 110 microfinance clients were selected through convenience sampling for responding to questionnaires, while 10 loan officers and 10 microfinance clients were chosen through convenience sampling for responding to interview questions. Findings of the study reveal that some clients are not yet ready for full digitalisation but, rather, for a blended approach where traditional banking runs in tandem with digital financial services. The study also establishes that digitalisation of financial services positively affects the relationship between microfinance institutions and their clients, However, microfinance institutions need to use the blended approach. The study recommends microfinance managers to allow the existence of traditional banking and digital financial technology side by side. Financial education is also the need of the hour if majority of microfinance clients are to adopt digital financial services.
Linking Climate Resilience To Environmental Law
Random changes in environmental setups have made it necessary for lawmakers to draft legislative objectives aimed at overseeing the welfare of the environment through environmental laws. For long, global environmental challenges have made policy-makers review, probe, inspect and evaluate adaptation and mitigation strategies to quickly address the common dilemma of ‗‘climate change‘‘. Therefore, the article critically argues that the ability of societies to close a gap towards climatic rarities is through effective climate resilience planning. Climate crises have had negative impacts on global polities. Such an unceremonious change in climate has wholly disrupted the stability of societies, mostly caused by the immense rise in new experimental technologies that can be responsible for modern day disasters. The article shows that the unrelenting rise in climate change can best be managed with a successful action plan of risk assessment which will concurrently help navigate the process of law-making to lower down climate risks. Because climate risks have had a negative impact on earth‘s society, the article further shows that mitigation and adaptation are key to cope with the climate which is randomly changing in the modern world. The article further shows that the existing connection between climate resilience and environmental law is inseparable. A random change in climate can be a push factor in the enactment of new environmental laws and policies to mitigate and adapt over the climatic desecrations.
Determinants for the Adoption of Educational Technology in Zimbabwean Vocational Training Centres
This study centres on factors influencing educational technology (EdTech) adoption in vocational training programmes with a primary and particular focus on Zimbabwean vocational training centres (VTCs). The main objective of the study was to determine and critically examine the factors influencing EdTech adoption in vocational training programmes. The study identified the following factors influencing EdTech adoption in these programmes: participant level factors examined include demographics, computer skills and motivation and institutions level factors at very different academic levels. Quantitative data were gathered from students at VTCs, whilst qualitative data were obtained from lecturers and staff, also at VTCs, to complement the quantitative data. The research instruments used were questionnaires, interview guides and observation guides. Both probability and non-probability samples were used. Thus, the target population for this study consisted of 3 500 participants drawn from five VTCs. Research has concluded that two beliefs, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use have been identified as important user acceptance criteria. The study also found out that participant‘s desire for vocational learning may also influence motivation and academic achievement. The study recommends that investing in education is a potent means that could be explored to fast-track technological progress, economic growth and boosting citizens' capacities and bridging the gap of educational learning and opportunities between learners from different economic backgrounds.
Creating an Innovative Graduate in Zimbabwe: A Curriculum Design Problem and Solution
There is a growing and general view in world scholarship that higher and tertiary education institutions (HTEIs) ought to produce innovative graduates commensurate with the evolving trends in technology. However, many HTEIs in developing countries, includ ing Zimbabwe, face challenges in fostering innovation in the teaching and learning landscape aimed at driving industrialisation. This article presents findings from a multiple case study rooted in Stake's (1975) Responsive Curriculum Evaluation Model. Data were generated through document analysis and qualitative interviews with 10 university students and 10 lecturers from private and public universities. The study identified various factors contributing to the innovation gap among graduates from Zimbabwean universities, such as lecturers lacking innovation pedagogical skills, the absence of innovation programmes, inadequate resources, limited industry university linkages and adherence to traditional assessment criteria. To address these challenges, the study recommends proactive measures for HTEIs, including providing professional development opportunities for lecturers, introducing innovation modules and programmes, allocating more resources to innovation hubs, establishing industry partnerships for programm e development and skills exchange and transitioning from knowledge based assessments to skill based evaluation and assessment methods. The study contributes to the ongoing discourse on fostering the development of innovative and entrepreneurial graduates i n developing countries.