Dynamics of Rural Settlement Patterns Amid Environmental Change in Selected Zimbabwean Districts

Abstract

Environmental change profoundly impacts rural settlement patterns, livelihoods and socio-economic stability, particularly in vulnerable regions like Zimbabwe. This study employs a case study approach, focusing on Chimanimani, Lower Muzarabani and Binga districts, to systematically analyse the interplay between climate change, natural hazards and human activities in driving rural settlement dynamics. Using qualitative methods, including interviews, focus group discussions and policy analysis, the research investigates changes in settlement structures, adaptive strategies and the effectiveness of government policies. Key findings reveal the significant influence of natural hazards, such as Cyclone Idai in Chimanimani that displaced over 14 000 residents and created fragmented communities. In Lower Muzarabani, drought induced migration along riverbanks reflects adaptive but risky strategies tied to cyclical environmental pressures. In Binga, resettlement following the construction of the Kariba Dam emphasises the long-term challenges of displacement, including water scarcity and socio-economic disruptions. The discussion critically evaluates these findings, linking them to theoretical perspectives, such as the Human-Environment Interaction Theory, the Location Theory and the Push-Pull Theory. The study assesses the National Climate Policy and Zimbabwe National Human Settlements Policy, highlighting successes in infrastructure development but identifying gaps in addressing water scarcity and resilience. Recommendations include integrating indigenous knowledge with modern technologies, developing climate-smart villages, enhancing participatory land-use planning and implementing ecosystem-based adaptation strategies. This research advances understanding of rural settlement dynamics and proposes actionable solutions to support resilience and sustainable development in Zimbabwe’s rural communities.